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The construction industry is extremely diverse, and some of the trades don’t feature welding as a core competency in their day-to-day work. However, equipment breaks, and it’s likely welding will be needed get it back up and running. Or maybe you have some downtime and want to reinforce areas that you know are prone to damage.Czytaj więcej -
Whether you are a DIYer or a professional welder, one thing is certain: Stick welding requires a lot of skill. It also requires some know-how about stick electrodes (also called welding rods). Because variables such as storage techniques, electrode diameter and flux composition all contribute to stick rod selection and performance, arming yourself with some basic knowledge can help you minimize confusion and better ensure stick welding success.Czytaj więcej -
When you pick up a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) holder, you face a wide choice of electrodes. But not all SMAW consumables, also known as stick, work for every material or job.Czytaj więcej -
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for “push”.One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of stress when an electric field is applied).When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which then results in an external electrical field. When reversed, an outer electrical field either stretches or compresses the piezoelectric material.The piezoelectric effect is very useful within many applications that involve the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, such as scanning probe microscopes (STM, AFM, etc). The piezoelectric effect also has its use in more mundane applications as well, such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters.Czytaj więcej -
When a force is applied to a piezoelectric material, an electric charge is generated across the faces of the crystal. This can be measured as a voltage proportional to the pressure (see diagram to the right).There is also an inverse piezoelectric effect where applying a voltage to the material will cause it to change shape.A given static force results in a corresponding charge across the sensor. However, this will leak away over time due to imperfect insulation, the internal sensor resistance, the attached electronics, etc.As a result, piezoelectric sensors are not normally suitable for measuring static pressure. The output signal will gradually drop to zero, even in the presence of constant pressure. They are, however, sensitive to dynamic changes in pressure across a wide range of frequencies and pressures.This dynamic sensitivity means they are good at measuring small changes in pressure, even in a very high-pressure environment.Czytaj więcej -
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for “push”.One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of stress when an electric field is applied).When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which then results in an external electrical field. When reversed, an outer electrical field either stretches or compresses the piezoelectric material.The piezoelectric effect is very useful within many applications that involve the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, such as scanning probe microscopes (STM, AFM, etc). The piezoelectric effect also has its use in more mundane applications as well, such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters.Czytaj więcej -
The solid electrode pattern is the most common or “standard” electrode pattern that is applied to piezoelectric ceramics manufactured by American Piezo. APC’s solid electrode pattern is applied using a silk screening process to the positive and negative surfaces of the ceramic. The entire ceramic is then polarized to give it its piezoelectric properties. The solid electrode pattern is the most cost effective pattern to be manufactured and therefore results in a less expensive piezoelectric ceramic for the end customer.Czytaj więcej -
Piezo stack actuator is a linear motor based on electrically controllable deformation of a solid body. The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in certain crystalline. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible electro-mechanical mechanism:The reverse piezoelectric is deployed for actuators and is used for static positioning as well as dynamic actuation up to the production of ultrasonic sound waves.Czytaj więcej -
Although, the manufacturing processes for bulk and multilayer piezoelectric components share commonalities, they are quite different. Bulk piezoelectric components are made of one layer of piezoceramic material pressed with up to 1 MN compacting force. Multilayer piezoelectric components are made by tape casting very thin layers of piezoceramic material on which thin layers of electrode material are printed. Over 100 layers are then laminated.Czytaj więcej -
The term “piezoelectricity” has its roots in the Greek words for “press” and “amber” — which historically has been used as a source of electricity. Literally translated, “piezoelectricity” refers to electricity that’s the result of the application of latent heat and pressure.Due to the application of mechanical stresses, an electric charge can build up in a number of solid materials, including select ceramics, crystals and some biological materials like DNA, bone and certain proteins. The resulting effect is a type of electricity produced because of pressure and/or latent heat — otherwise known as piezoelectricity.Czytaj więcej -
Piezoceramic electrodes will be either fired silver or nickel. Silver electrodes are flat white in color while nickel electrodes are grey. Electrical connections are usually made to these electrodes by soldering, but one may also use conductive adhesive, or clips to attach wires. Soldering materials in our kit are for soldering to nickel electrodes unless specifically requested otherwise. Silver electrodes are not recommended for high electric field DC applications where the silver is likely to migrate and bridge the two electrodes. It is often used in AC applications. Silver used as an electrode is in the form of flakes suspended in a glass frit. It is generally screened onto the ceramic and fired. The glass makes the bond between the ceramic and the silver particles. Silver is soluble in tin and a silver loaded solder should be used to prevent scavenging of silver in the electrode. Nickel has good corrosion resistance and is a good choice for both AC and DC applications. It can usually be soldered to easily with tin/lead solder. Electroless nickel, used for plating piezoceramic, contains phosphor. Sometimes the phosphor content in a plating run can make it hard to solder. Vacuum deposited nickel electrodes are usually very thin, making soldering tricky. Choice of the correct flux (to remove surface oxidation) makes soldering to electrode surfaces easy even under adverse conditions. A wire is attached to the center shim if the element is used in parallel operation. Generally, the center shim layer of a 2-Layer piezoelectric bending elements is either .004” (.1mm) thick brass or stainless steel. Shims are soldered to in the same way as the nickel electrode.Czytaj więcej -
Piezoelectric materials have been analyzed for over 100 years, due to their ability to convert mechanical vibrations into electric charge or electric fields into a mechanical strain for sensor, energy harvesting, and actuator applications. A more recent development is the coupling of piezoelectricity and electro-chemistry, termed piezo-electro-chemistry, whereby the piezoelectrically induced electric charge or voltage under a mechanical stress can influence electro-chemical reactions. There is growing interest in such coupled systems, with a corresponding growth in the number of associated publications and patents. This review focuses on recent development of the piezo-electro-chemical coupling multiple systems based on various piezoelectric materials. It provides an overview of the basic characteristics of piezoelectric materials and comparison of operating conditions and their overall electro-chemical performance. The reported piezo-electro-chemical mechanisms are examined in detail. Comparisons are made between the ranges of material morphologies employed, and typical operating conditions are discussed. In addition, potential future directions and applications for the development of piezo-electro-chemical hybrid systems are described. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies on how piezoelectric materials and devices have been applied to control electro-chemical processes, with an aim to inspire and direct future efforts in this emerging research field.Czytaj więcej